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Robert Menzies
Sir Robert Gordon Menzies, (20 December 189415 May 1978), was an Australian politician and the 12th Prime Minister of Australia. He served over 18 collective years, first from 1939 to 1941 and from 1949 to 1966, and is Australia's longest-serving Prime Minister.
==Early life==
Robert Gordon Menzies was born to James Menzies and Kate (née Sampson) in Jeparit, a town in the Wimmera region of northwestern Victoria, on 20 December 1894. He was the fourth of five children, with one sister and three brothers.〔Australia's Prime Ministers website: (Robert Menzies ). One brother, Douglas, became a justice of the High Court of Australia.〕 His father James was a storekeeper and held agencies for farm machinery and stock agents, the son of Scottish crofters who had immigrated to Australia in the mid-1850s in the wake of the Victorian gold rush. His maternal grandfather, John Sampson, was a Cornish miner from Penzance who also came to seek his fortune on the goldfields, in Ballarat.〔Australian Academy of Science: Biographical Memoirs of Deceased Fellows: (Robert Gordon Menzies 1894–1978 )〕 His father was elected to the Victorian State Parliament for the seat of Lowan in 1911 and moved with the family to Melbourne after selling the farm.〔 One of his uncles, Hugh Menzies, had been member of the Victorian Parliament for Stawell for two years up to 1904, while another uncle, Sydney Sampson, had represented the Division of Wimmera in the House of Representatives.〔 He was proud of his Highland ancestryhis enduring nickname, ''Ming'', came from , the Scots – and his own preferred – pronunciation of ''Menzies''. His middle name, Gordon, was given to him in honour and memory of Charles George Gordon, a British general killed in Khartoum in 1885.〔Manning Clark, ''Manning Clark's History of Australia'', Pimlico, 1995, p.468, ISBN 0-7126-6205-7. Gordon's death had stirred a lasting movement of imperialist patriotism in Australia.〕
Menzies' formal education began at Humffray Street State School in Bakery Hill, Ballarat, then later at private school in Ballarat. He attended Wesley College in Melbourne and studied law at the University of Melbourne, graduating in 1916.
When World War I began, Menzies was 19 years old and held a commission in the university's militia unit. He resigned his commission at the very time others of his age and class clamoured to be allowed to enlist. It was later stated that, since the family had made enough of a sacrifice to the war with the enlistment of two of three eligible brothers, Menzies should stay to finish his studies.〔 Menzies himself never explained the reason why he chose not to enlist. It should be noted that the two brothers, James and Frank, who did enlist did not do so until 1915 after the landings at Anzac which belies the alleged reason.〔http://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/scripts/Imagine.asp?B=8030675〕 Subsequently he was prominent in undergraduate activities and won academic prizes and declared himself to be a patriotic supporter of the war and conscription.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Australia's Prime Ministers )〕 Menzies was admitted to the Victorian Bar and to the High Court of Australia in 1918 and soon became one of Melbourne's leading lawyers after establishing his own practice. In 1920 he married Pattie Leckie, the daughter of federal Nationalist, and later Liberal, MP, John Leckie.
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